2010年8月17日星期二

also, too, likewise, besides, moreover, furthermore

(1)

alsotoolikewisebesidesmoreoverfurthermore

(2)

These adverbs indicate the presence of or introduce something additional. The first three generally imply that the additional element or consideration is equal in weight to what precedes it. 这些副词表示出或引出附加的事物的存在。前三个词一般暗示出附加成分或考虑与前面的内容同样重要。

(3)

Also is more formal in tone than too: Also 在语气上比too更正式: He is gentle, but he is also capable of fierce intellectual combat. 他很温和,但他却也能够进行激烈的斗智。 If you buy a car, you'll need a parking place, too. 如果你买辆车,你还将需要一个停车场地。

(4)

Likewise is even more formal than also and may imply similarity between elements as well as equality: Likewise 比also 更为正式并可能暗示各成分之间的平等和相似: You forgot to mention that her parents were likewise going to attend the ceremony. 你忘了提到她父母也打算去参加仪式。

(5)

Besides often introduces an element that reinforces what has gone before: Besides 经常引出一个加强前面内容的成份: I don't feel like cooking; besides, there's no food in the house. 我不想做饭;而且家里已经没有可吃的东西了。

(6)

Moreover and Moreover

(7)

furthermore frequently stress the importance of what is to come: furthermore 常强调要出现的事物的重要性: The cellar was dark and forbidding; moreover, I knew a family of mice had nested there. 这个地窖阴森可怕;而且我知道那儿有一窝老鼠。 I don't want you to go; furthermore, I forbid it. 我不想让你去,而且我也禁止你去。

moreover, beyond what has been said
furthermore, in addition to what has been said

[1] “The acceleration performance of this car model is very poor; furthermore, its fuel consumption is extremely high.”

[2] “The acceleration performance of this car is very poor; moreover, its fuel consumption is extremely high.”

In the first example, the speaker gives 'an impartial, co-equal assessment of the two inadequacies of the car model', whereas in the second example, a critical judgmental sense against the fuel consumption aspect is conveyed. The speaker’s bias shows somewhat.

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